The Character of Lennie in Of Mice and Men Essay - 673 Words

The Character of Lennie in Of Mice and Men In my opinion, Lennie Small is the most interesting character in Steinbecks novel Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck does a very good job describing and characterizing Lennies personality. Lennies character is, indeed, quite unique. A large man with enormous strength, yet kind and childlike, he seems to find joy in simple life pleasures like petting a furry animal and making the water ripple. Lennies greatest difficulty seems to be remembering; and it is the lack of the ability to remember that ultimately leads to his tragedy at the end of the book. In the novel, Steinbeck seems to reinforce Lennies characteristics of strength, kindness, childlike manner, and somewhat animal-like personality.†¦show more content†¦God almighty, I never seen such a strong guy. Childlike Lennies character exhibits a rather childlike manner. He seems to do and see things like a child. His pleasures are those of an innocent youngster. For example, in the first chapter, he delights in making the water ripple, and he is content to pet a dead mouse. In addition, Lennies childlike manner is portrayed in his dependency on George. He listens to everything George tells him and depends on him for necessities such as food and water. In fact, it seems that without George Lennie would be unable to survive. Animal-Like It seems that Lennie often resembles an animal. In fact, his responses to life are much like those of an animal. For example, like a pet dog, he gives his complete devotion to his friend George. Lennie trusts George and, like an affectionate puppy, tries very hard to do things that please George. In his writing, Steinbeck literally compares Lennie to animals. For example, the author associates Lennies strength to that of a horse. Furthermore, in the scene when after killing Curleys wife Lennie flees to the grove near the river, as George has told him to, Steinbeck describes Lennie moving as silently as a creeping bear and drinking like a weary animal. Steinbeck fully develops the animal comparison at the end of the novel by drawing a parallel between Candy and his old dog and George and dog-like Lennie. Like Candys useless old dog, after the incident withShow MoreRelatedEssay on Character Traits of Lennie in Of Mice and Men996 Words   |  4 PagesValley, after the Great Depression, there were a large number of unemployed workers seeking jobs. In the fiction novel Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, Lennie Small is among one of those men. Lennie and his friend George both have just received jobs on a ranch as farm workers. What brings the two together is their dream to someday own their own land. Lennie has a lot of character and personality traits that define him. One trait that he has is he is very forgetful. Another trait he has is he is veryRead MoreHow Steinbeck Portrays the character of Lennie George in Of Mice Men1565 Words   |  7 Pagesthe story Of Mice Men, John Steinbeck creates a pair of low-class companionship as the story s main character. This pair of companionship, George and Lennie is very different from each other, nothing alike, no matter talking about their figures, personality, IQ, etc, except that they both carry the same American dream as they spend their hard days traveling together and working in the ranch. Lennie is portrayed as being childlike. He looks up on George as a parental figure: Lennie s lips quiveredRead MoreExplore the Ways in Which John Steinbeck Presents He Character of Lennie in ‘of Mice and Men’2183 Words   |  9 PagesExplore the ways in which John Steinbeck presents he character of Lennie in ‘Of Mice and Men’ In this essay I am going to be writing about one of the main characters in John Steinbeck’s novella ‘Of Mice and Men’. The story portrays the travels and arising problems of two migrant workers who share an uncommon friendship for the time and environment in which the novella is set. Lennie Small is the character I will be exploring and I will start off by giving a detailed explanation of his physicalRead MoreCompare And Contrast Lennie And Of Mice And Men804 Words   |  4 PagesThe story â€Å"Of Mice and Men† by John Steinbeck is one of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is about two characters George and Lennie. George is very smart but short. Lennie on the other hand is the complete opposite. He is big and has a mind of a child. In â€Å"Of Mice and Men† George and Lennie have a dream to own a piece of land somewhere in California. In this story Lennie is being made sympathetic by Steinbeck so then the s tory is more relatable. Steinbeck is doing thisRead MoreMice and Men Annotated Bibliography855 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish II PAP 4th 8 November 2011 Of Mice And Men : An Annotated Bibliography Book Review: Of Mice amp; Men. A Novel Menagerie. Novel Menagerie, 2009. Web. 7 Nov 2011. lt;http://anovelmenagerie.com/2009/02/18/book-review-of-mice-and-men/gt;. The author of this review focuses on the life of Lennie. She sympathizes with the hard times Lennie had to go through as a character. The author describes Lennie to the readers as an innocent, childlike character who is misunderstand by the people surroundingRead MoreOf Mice and Men Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesYour mom B6 January 13, 2010 Of Mice and Men essay An allegory is a work where characters are symbols of ideas. They may symbolize anything from honesty to sadness. In an allegorical novel these characters and the ideas they represent form together to suggest a moral. The novel, Of Mice and Men is one of these allegorical novels. Its theme or moral is about friendship: the friendship of George and Lennie. The actions of the characters that represent ideas in the story bring about the chanceRead MoreThe Novel Of Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1211 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel Of Mice and Men, Arthur John Steinbeck successfully creates a timeless literary novel. The novella was first published in 1937 and transcends time with compelling characters and a unique plot, readers easily become invested in the book. Steinbeck takes you on an emotional roller coaster throughout the story with characters that earn the reader s sympathy from the start of the novella. Students usually read Of Mice and Men their freshman year of high school. Some people believe thatRead More Of Mice and Men Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men John Steinbeck’s novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ is one of those books which make you believe everything that takes place between the covers. Books like these always remain as classics, because of their very informative and believable stories. John Steinbeck especially excels in this, and therefore is the reason I have chosen this book to describe. ‘Of Mice and Men’, the title of the novel, originates from the poem ‘To a Mouse’, by Robert Burns. It means that no matter what youRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men And Cold Blood 1678 Words   |  7 Pagesthink a certain situation is right and wrong? Of Mice and Men, written by John Steinbeck in 1937 and In Cold Blood, written in 1966 both explore the idea of right and wrong with humanity in two comparable situations. The novels both tell like stories that convey alike ideas, but the books are written differently. In Of Mice and Men and In Cold Blood, both authors, Steinbeck and Capote, include similar themes, setting, plot, emotion, and characters, whereas they differ in specific detail, the typeRead MoreTheme Of Foreshadowing In Of Mice And Men1219 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book, Of Mice and Men, foreshadowing is used all the way from the title of the book to the last sentence. Of Mice and Men was written by Nobel Prize for literature winner, John Steinbeck. The book is about two migrant workers with the fa ntasy of a place to call their own. When George and Lennie end up traveling together to a new town to find work, new challenges await them there that are disastrously worse than the ones they faced in their former town, Weed. How does Steinbeck use foreshadowing

Value Alignment - 990 Words

Running Head: VALUE ALIGNMENT Value Alignment Value Alignment Ethics and corporate values play a significant role in an organization and are both imperative to success. To attain a successful alignment between individual and corporate values, there needs to be a synergy between the employee and the organization he or she work for. The benefits contain significant value to both the organization and the employee. Established in 1898 as Brad s Drink, PepsiCo has grown substantially and is a carbonated soft drink sold in 190 countries worldwide. Ethics play an important role in PepsiCo s mission and vision statements, which in turn, supports employees whose values are parallel. Circumstances, surroundings, and†¦show more content†¦Pepsi believes in truth, respect, responsibility, and empowering people to be the best. My personal and professional values share similar aspects. At work employers expect honesty, respect, and completion of a job well done. Values are an important part of running a business successfully. The va lues that executives bring into the organization form the work environment for the rest of the employees. This helps to build a strong mission and vision in which the organization strives to run the company by. Pepsi is no exception to this rule. The Pepsi Company understands that there is a lot of competition in the market, so in order for them to stay competitive the executive need to make decisions that show that there values come with every decision that is made. Just like the organization stated that they understand that what is good for society should be good for business. The reason they say this is that they want consumers to understand that they will make decisions based on what is good for both and not just business. They want to make sure that consumers understand that values are important to running the business. No matter what types of values run drive an individual or an organization, it is important for business to have positive morals and values to be successfu l. This is why Pepsi believes in â€Å"Performance with a purpose.† References Business Dictionary. (2010).Show MoreRelatedValue Alignment Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesValue Alignment for Wal-Mart Fadi Anadri, Betrina Hood, Schercitha Miller, Samantha Redfearn BUS/475 Bill Crigger July 21, 2010 Value Alignment for Wal-Mart An individual’s personal values depict what is important in his or her life, and such values often determine his or her behavior. Furthermore, values are an enlightenment of why people act or react the way they do, based on their personal beliefs. The combined values of an individual and organization must be compatibleRead MoreValue Alignment1385 Words   |  6 PagesValue Alignment One company recognized worldwide for its family oriented services and performances is The Disney Company. The values instilled by The Disney Company (Disney) are one of the biggest contributers to its success. The following will discuss the origins and subsequent evolution of personal and workplace values and will explain how the individual values drive the actions and behaviors. The paper will also analyze the alignment between persoanl values and actions and behaviors as wellRead MoreCoca Cola Value Alignment1449 Words   |  6 PagesValue Alignment Paper Tanisha Harrison, Starina Nelson, Elizabeth Velazquez, Jennifer Hoff BUS/ 475 Mr. Ramirez August 14, 2012 In today’s professional atmosphere, establishments hire a culturally diverse workforce to have a reasonable advantage over other companies. This modification allows an establishment to concentrate on the steps of life while generating goods, which reaches cultures. In other words, these modifications agreeRead MoreValue Alignment for Coca-Cola Bus/4751060 Words   |  5 PagesValue Alignment for Coca-Cola BUS/475 Value Alignment for Coca-Cola The Origin and Evolution of Coca-Cola’s Workplace Values In May 1886 as a one man business in Atlanta, GA, Dr. John Pemberton, a Pharmacist who created the noncarbonated drink as medicine used as a medical elixir, nerve, and brain tonic during the origin(s) and subsequent evolution of Coca-cola started. Later carbonated dihydrogen monoxide was integrated into the drink presently known as Coca-Cola. Robert Goizueta is the currentRead MoreNeutrogenas Leadership: Vision, Mission, Value , and Swot Analyses Alignment with Jnj4783 Words   |  20 PagesNEUTROGENA’S ALIGNMENT WITH JNJ CREDO Neutrogena’s Leadership: Johnson and Johnson’s â€Å"Our Credo† is Our Commitment Thiri Zin Argosy University Abstract Neutrogena commitment to and align with Johnson and Johnson’s Credo is through effective communication from management. Strategy comprehension and community cooperation heavily rely on Leadership’s transparency and transfer of pivotal knowledge. This report analyzes the vision, mission, values andRead MoreLeadership Style And Its Impact On The Culture Of Each Organization Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesmission and/or vision statement. Many leadership models focus on the needs of the organization, such as production, competition, technology and management. The organizations mission statement broadly defines its vision and establishes the structure for values and principles to guide employees. In addition, the objectives in the mission statement are the means to achieve the organization’s goal, (Basu, nd.). In this essay, I will compare the company’s’ mission statements of TDIndustries and IKEA, examiningRead MoreRole Of A Leader s Top Responsibiliti es973 Words   |  4 Pagesof communication. In addition, communication is an essential element in enhancing value change in companies. The values must be well presented, understood for the implementation to be a success. One of a leader’s top responsibilities is to communicate expectations clearly and accurately to followers. Seagram had to change every aspect of the way that it was managed. They had to unlearn their old culture and new values had to be reinforced. Diagnosis of current situation: Unfortunately, the companyRead MoreDefining Best Practice : Corporate Responsibility Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesDefining Best Practice: Corporate responsibility is ultimately about the reasons and ways in which a company sets its values, moral standards, ethical considerations and states an organizational purpose that is based in greater societal good. After this course, I believe the â€Å"best practice† of corporate responsibility in a high tech global economy leverages several course methodologies but ultimately 1) the tenets of Gilligan’s Ethics of Care model which balances care for self (or corporation) andRead MoreHow Values Affect Individual and Organisational Behaviour Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesHow values affect individual and organizational behaviour Schwartz (1992) described values as desirable, trans-situational goals, changing in significance that serves as guiding principles in people’s lives. In simpler words, values evolve from circumstances with the outside world and can change over time. They are believed to have a significant influence on the behavioural and emotional of individuals (Rokeach, 1973), also on the organisational culture (O’Reilly amp; Chatman, 1996). ValuesRead MorePolitics Of The Earth : Climate Change981 Words   |  4 PagesWe’ve covered a great deal of material so far dealing with environmental communication strategies, major influencers and overall public engagement. Value charts, theories, approaches, roles and tricky language are just a few of the topics we delved into in the first few weeks. The readings each discuss the major influencers of people’s opinions of the environment, be they political leanings, opinion leaders, linguistic maneuvers, location, or captivating imagery. Additionally, race, affiliations

Titan Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Question: Discuss about the Titan for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Answer: Introduction The assignment focuses on 20-Petaflop Cray XK7 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory which achieves the mission U.S department of energy and security. The mission is achieved with the help of 20-petaopCray XK7 system, which is named Titan. The essay discusses various applications, architecture, software system as well as programming system of Titan. Discussion Titan is a hybrid Cray XK7 system, which is one of the most capable third generation computers which are an up gradation of Jaguar system. It is the first company of the world with multipetaflop system for deploying different types of heterogeneous compute nodes. Its architecture of constitutes of accelerator and processor, design of the node, interconnect and sstorage system. It is analyzed that Accelerator and Processor uses AMD Opteron 6274 Interlagos 16-core processor. Titan also constitutes software system which consists of Operating System, file system, System administration and Scheduler. The operating system that used is HPC-optimized Linux environment which helps in proper administrating the system. The model that is used is all message passing interface (MPI) helps in representing a paradigm shift in various types of programming as well as hardware models. The shared file system is totally dependent on Lusture, DDN as well as InfiniBand and the OLFC is committed for developing various types of tools that helps the researchers in managing results. It is analyzed that visualization is created for helping the researchers in understanding various types of data visualization technique. Conclusion It can be concluded that OLFC plays an important role in delivering the most important resources. It has provided very much powerful mashie for supporting the mission effectively. It is analyzed that the applications of the system constitute more than 50% of the workload of the system of Jaguar. The assignment provides number of other applications which are very much advantageous.

Policies and Regulations for the Twenty

Despite the fact that cholera is no longer the plague of the humankind, it still remains a tangible threat, no matter how hard one might wish to believe that the disease was fatal only in the 19th century. True, a range of methods for preventing cholera epidemics have been developed since then, including a range of vaccines, development of basic hygiene principles, etc.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policies and Regulations for the Twenty-first Century Healthcare Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The disease itself, however, did not vanish without a trace – the instances of cholera still occur, and, to prevent lethal cases triggered by the disease, a range of guidelines have been designed for healthcare organizations to protect people from contracting a virus of cholera (Schlipkà ¶ter Flahault, 2010). When it comes to mentioning major organizations, which provide detailed recommendations o n preventing outbreaks of cholera, one must mention the World health Organization as the leader in securing people from cholera. Indeed, according to the official statement of the WHO, a range of steps used to address the early stages of the cholera epidemics outbreak have been designed for the subordinate organizations to comply with. The WHO demands that notifications should be sent by the health authorities that have spotted the symptoms of cholera: â€Å"Under the terms of the International Health Regulations of 1969, cholera is one of three diseases for which it is mandatory to notify the World Health Organization† (WHO, n. d., p. 11). Other organizations, though following the WHO standards for the most part, have been provided with a specific set of actions to be undertaken apart from sending notifications to the WHO. Moreover, numerous organizations have defined their own pattern of addressing the problem based on the requirements listed by the WHO. For example, the Pa n American Health Organization mentions the necessity for the control of the water sanitation process to be carried out by the corresponding services so that the threat of cholera epidemics could be driven to nil (CSIS, 2013, p. 6). In addition to the regulations designed by the WHO, the members of the UNICEF Organization have also provided their rules and guidelines on the course of actions for an organization to follow in case of an outbreak of cholera epidemics.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unlike the WHO, which provides rather brief guidelines for organizations to act in case of epidemics of cholera, UNICEF focuses much more on providing citizens with the safety that they need and instructing them on what must be done if an outbreak of cholera occurs. More importantly, the UNICEF Organization specifies the precaution measures that must be taken in order to void cholera e pidemics; these measures include specific guidelines concerning personal hygiene and sanitation. In addition, the UNICEF Organization explains how the isolation of the people that have contracted cholera must be carried out (UNICEF, 2012, p. 26). Finally and most importantly, the UNICEF Organization outlines the course of actions for community engagement, which is bound to reduce the possibility of cholera epidemics. Comparing the regulations defined by two major health organizations, one must give UNICEF credit for offering an incredibly detailed set of recommendations and rules. The members of the UNICEF have taken every minor detail into account and have provided all the rules required, including the burial procedure. In addition, the information provided by UNICEF includes the information on the possible causes of the epidemics, such as water contamination (UNICEF, 2012, p. 24). Therefore, out of the three major sets of recommendations, the ones provided by UNICEF are clearly su perior in clarity and efficiency and can be used as the basic guidelines in case of a cholera outbreak. Reference List CSIS (2013). Water and sanitation in the time of cholera. Web. Schlipkà ¶ter, U. Flahault, A. (2010). Communicable diseases: achievements and challenges for public health. Public Health Reviews, 32(1), 90-119.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policies and Regulations for the Twenty-first Century Healthcare Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More UNICEF (2012). Cholera outbreak guidelines. Web. WHO (n. d.). Guidelines for cholera control. Web. This essay on Policies and Regulations for the Twenty-first Century Healthcare Organizations was written and submitted by user Greyson R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Role of Spirituality in Overcoming Addictions

Addiction can simply be defined as a state of being captive or enslaved towards doing something that leads to development of a habit or certain behavior of which to some extend one has no control over. Surely, addiction comes with strong feelings of attachment and desire for something or to certain specific behaviors. Every human being to some extend has a form of addiction which may range from trivial to life-threatening forms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Spirituality in Overcoming Addictions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They may either be psychological, neurological or even spiritual. These addictions act as a driving force from within that tends to enslave and abuse our freedom, hence one ends up acting in a manner that is contrast to what he or she would wish to. As it has been deduced, addiction can really take charge of someone‘s life to the extend of being life threatening. When i t gets to such extend, quick measures should be taken before the situation gets out of hand. Documented research has shown that in the same way one gets addicted to alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, one can get addicted to ideas, power, relationships, religion (May, 1988). If one gets obsessed with a certain idea or even with another person and cannot control the feelings or thoughts, has been enslaved and hence addicted. One can also be spiritually addicted in the sense that he or she is entangled by the doctrines and can not have an independent thought or think logically outside the governing doctrines and law hence obsessed by the religion and considered as an addict. Addiction can be perceived from different angles, addiction of the mind, body or spirit depending on the prevailing situation that leads to the addiction (May, 1988). Some of the substances, drugs and behaviors that one can get addicted to include alcohol, cocaine, nicotine for example cigarette, sleeping pills, marijuana , caffeine, aerosols. Behavioral addictions may include computer games, gambling, overeating, love for money, power, sexual addiction, relationships or even ideas. There are signs and symptoms that come with various addictions and could be used to detect development of addictive behaviors. Some of the symptoms to checkout for include: tendency to do something repeatedly over and over again so as to obtain pleasure, when the individual stops using the substance they tend to feel uncomfortable and unsatisfied with a sense of lacking something vital. Another symptom is having difficulties in controlling and managing oneself and spending most of your time to acquire the substance or indulging in certain activities. Signs of addiction are the outward expressions that emanates from the addictive substance or behavior that one has.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These signs are not univers al, they may differ from one individual to another. Some of the major signs of addictions include mood swing where one tends to be anxious and at times relaxed; happy at one time then sad the next moment, changes in the size of the eyes and the pupils, tendency to over sleep, sudden weight loss or gain, change of friends, becoming confined and secretive. These and other signs can act as perfect indicators of individuals under the influence of drug and substance abuse. Human beings were never created to be fully satisfied. There is always a desire to have more and more. There is a need to have self control and know your boundaries and limits so as to avoid going overboard and becoming victims of addiction. Most of the things that chain and enslave us in life are mostly our own makings. We have come up with our own ideologies and objects that we worship and attach strong emotions and feelings on them, this has made mankind to drift away from God’s love and the love for one anot her and end up investing all the time in finding pleasure and satisfaction from drugs, addictive substances and behaviors which ends up eroding our dignity and scrapping away our freedom by enslaving us (May, 1988). It is through the harsh life and bondage that comes with addiction that leads one to learn and appreciate the peace of mind and freedom that God has bestowed on us. It enables us appreciate the grace of God which is a freely earned favor emanating from God’s loving nature upon mankind. To overcome these addictions, spirituality plays a very vital role. It comes from the believe and faith that we have in a supernatural being who is able to restore the dignity and peace that we have lost in the course of satisfying our humanly pleasures and needs. The faith and trust that we have in God is able to redeem and save one from the jaws of addiction. Though there are many ways to deal with addiction like seeking for counseling and advice from professionals, going to the r ehabilitation centre, joining help groups, having treatment program, it all boils down to you as an individual and your relationship with God and other people that you associate with. If one can amend these relationships then they are on the right lane towards attaining self freedom, redemption and control of their lives. Through salvation which according to Greece or Latin means safety, one is made whole in Christ Jesus that is according to Christians, hence they become new creatures. With this faith, one is able to overcome any kind of oppression and slavery. Also getting involved with the right group of people with upright morals and who believe in God can help one change their bad habits and addictive behaviors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Spirituality in Overcoming Addictions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Spirituality aids in promoting and upholding integrity and good moral values that ma y enable us shade away bad addictive behaviors and lead straight forward life, again we may have the will to do that which is good but the power to do it is not in us, so we ought to acknowledge God who is the giver of all powers and whose grace is sufficient to keep us safe from any kind of bondage and slavery. In conclusion, addiction can be regarded as bondages that are of our own making and that are basically out of our control hence to sufficiently deal with any kind of addiction one has to submit to an external source of power that comes from God and through His grace that He has freely outpoured upon those who call on Him and follow His laws and commandments. God’s grace is the ultimate hope and solution to the countless oppression and addictions facing mankind in the current times, hence there is hope for those who have been entangled by their own desires that have ended up being their worst enemies. Through grace has humankind found peace and satisfaction, for the he art of men will forever be restless until it finds rest in God. Reference List May, G. G. (1988). Addiction and grace: Love and spirituality in the healing of  addictions. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. This essay on The Role of Spirituality in Overcoming Addictions was written and submitted by user Johnathan Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Civil Rights Definition

Civil Rights Definition Civil rights are the rights of individuals to be protected against unfair treatment based on certain personal characteristics like race, gender, age, or disability. Governments enact civil rights laws to protect people from discrimination in social functions such as education, employment, housing, and access to public accommodations. Civil Rights Key Takeaways Civil rights protect people from unequal treatment based on their individual characteristics like race and gender.Governments create civil rights laws to ensure fair treatment of groups that have traditionally been the target of discrimination.Civil rights differ from civil liberties, which are specific freedoms of all citizens as listed and ensured in a binding document, such as the U.S. Bill of Rights, and interpreted by the courts. Civil Rights Definition Civil rights are a set of rightss of civil rights include the rights of people to work, study, eat, and live where they choose. To turn a customer away from a restaurant solely because of his or her race, for example, is a civil rights violation under United States laws.  Ã‚   Civil rights laws are often enacted in order to guarantee fair and equal treatment for groups of people who have historically faced discrimination. In the United States, for example, several civil rights laws focus on â€Å"protected classes† of people who share characteristics such as race, gender, age, disability, or sexual orientation. While now taken for granted in most other western democracies, consideration for civil rights has been deteriorating, according to international monitoring agencies. Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the global war on terror has driven many governments to sacrifice civil rights in the name of security. Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties Civil rights are often confused with civil liberties, which are the freedoms guaranteed to the citizens or residents of a country by an overriding legal covenant, like the U.S. Bill of Rights, and interpreted by the courts and lawmakers. The First Amendment’s right to free speech is an example of a civil liberty. Both civil rights and civil liberties differ subtly from human rights, those freedoms belonging to all people regardless of where they live, such as freedom from slavery, torture, and religious persecution. International Perspective and Civil Rights Movements Virtually all nations deny some civil rights to some minority groups either by law or by custom. In the United States, for example, women continue to face discrimination in jobs traditionally held exclusively by men. While the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, embodies civil rights, the provisions are not legally binding. Thus, there is no worldwide standard. Instead, individual nations tend to respond differently to pressure for enacting civil rights laws. Historically, when a significant portion of a nation’s people feel they are treated unfairly, civil rights movements emerge. While most often associated with the American Civil Rights Movement, similar notable efforts have occurred elsewhere. South Africa The South African system of government-sanctioned racial segregation known as apartheid came to an end after a high-profile civil rights movement that began in the 1940s. When the white South African government responded by jailing Nelson Mandela and most of its other leaders, the anti-apartheid movement lost strength until the 1980s. Under pressure from the United States and other Western nations, the South African government released Nelson Mandela from prison and lifted its ban on the African National Congress, the major black political party, in 1990. In 1994, Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa. India The struggle of the Dalits in India has similarities to both the American Civil Rights Movement and the South African anti-apartheid movement. Formerly known as the â€Å"Untouchables,† the Dalits belong to the lowest social group in India’s Hindu caste system. Though they make up one-sixth of India’s population, the Dalits were forced to live as second-class citizens for centuries, facing discrimination in access to jobs, education, and allowed marriage partners. After years of civil disobedience and political activism, the Dalits won victories, highlighted by the election of K. R. Narayanan to the presidency in 1997. Serving as president until 2002, Narayanan stressed the nation’s obligations towards the Dalits and other minorities and called attention to the other many social ills of caste discrimination. Northern Ireland After the division of Ireland in 1920, Northern Ireland witnessed violence between the ruling British Protestant majority and members of the native Irish Catholic minority. Demanding an end to discrimination in housing and employment opportunities, Catholic activists launched marches and protests modeled after the American Civil Rights Movement. In 1971, the internment without trial of over 300 Catholic activists by the British government sparked an escalated, often-violent civil disobedience campaign headed by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). The turning point in the struggle came on Bloody Sunday, January 30, 1972, when 14 unarmed Catholic civil rights marchers were shot dead by the British army. The massacre galvanized the British people. Since Bloody Sunday, the British Parliament has instituted reforms protecting the civil rights of Northern Irish Catholics. Sources and Further Reference Hamlin, Rebecca. Civil Rights. Encyclopedia Britannica.. U.Civil Rights Act of 1964S. EEOC.Shah, Anup. Human Rights in Various Regions. Global Issues (October 1, 2010).Dooley, Brian. Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America. (Excerpts) Yale University.Bloody Sunday: What happened on Sunday 30 January 1972? BBC News (March 14, 2019).

International Management Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Management Master - Essay Example For companies who want to survive in the longer run and on a much wider scale, it has become a necessity to send assignments abroad. However, even if the practice of initiating expatriate programs is necessary, companies usually tend to think that it is a high cost investment as they are expected to bear the cost of the pay of the employees, their housing and the other facilities given to them and their family, like education, health, safety and the daily necessary expenses. The costs generally shoot up if the country they are being sent to have a high cost and low standard of living. Expatriate assignments may indeed be very expensive but some far sighted companies who have the longer run and the larger picture in mind are ready to afford the cost, as long as they believe that the return will be profitable and will help them expand. When it comes to calculating returns, not all companies can come to a satisfactory conclusion and experience qualms about entering into expatriate assignments. Some of the reasons for this are that costs cannot be traced back easily and the returns on the investment may take years to appear which may also not be very obvious at first. For exam For example, a company may be able to report costs such as the remuneration given to the employee but can not quantify the return such as the value of the experience gained by the international managers at work, or the global exposure that the company got because of the assignment. Due to the difficulties faced in these calculations, many companies think that expatriates are very expensive and leave it at that, without bothering themselves about the future benefits they may earn over a period of time. There a number of things the human resource professionals of the company need to consider before embarking upon an expatriate assignment. These assignments need to be dealt with prudently as they incur a lot of costs for the company and the return they are expected to get may not be what the company has in mind. Thus, these assignments should be programmed along the strategic goals of a business. To minimize costs and to maximize the return, the human resource department of the company needs to decide whether the employees going abroad have the required technical skills to handle the task. Moreover, the employees being set abroad should be assigned a work that is important and will be beneficial to the business and the costs incurred by the company should not just be for a pleasure trip of the employees. When expatriate assignments are undertaken, knowledge transfer between countries begins to grow. One of the most important benefits of having international assignments is the multi-cultural knowledge and experiences an expatriate gains and the ability to survive in a challenging and a strange environment certainly assists the company in the longer run. The expatriates then become invaluable for the company as their abilities meet the requirements of international standards and their knowledge and experience enables the company to grow and maintain a healthy environment for its other employees. The human resource function of the company

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature - Essay Example Unfortunately this artificially created wall appeared in the result of perverted ideals of the 20th century, when women were subjected to men and lower classes were oppressed by upper classes. The wall can be eliminated only in case of a great desire and common efforts directed on its abolishment. Racial differences â€Å"The Garden Party† is focused on class differences and racial concerns very much. Mansfield uses a broad metaphor, and readers can see the way a world of pianos, uniformed bands and luxury turns into a little space for lower class. When we read an episode about Laura’s walk to a husband of a dad man, we can see that this young woman has strange ideas†¦She thinks about her appearance and weather, but a tragic event of funeral is not too emotional for her. Laura’s are also showed as hypocrites. Laura’s father expresses his regrets concerning death of a man and her mother tries to look sympathetic too (Burgan 21). An outer impression is much important for them than their inner feelings. Thus, Mansfield emphasized the significance of patriarchate that prescribes that a woman should subject to a man. A mother should always depend on her husband. Laura’s brother uses this template of behavior as well and there are different episodes, when men asking women to take care of their appearance. These are the principles of the upper class representatives. People of that class have nothing to do but create their artificial values and principles of behavior. Men play the role of money earners and women should take care about the house, get everything in order and beautiful (Burgan 24). The narrator talks about lower class from a negative perspective, while Laura remains patient and sympathetic. Her ideals are not perverted and she shows a positive attitude to people from the lower class. Laura wonders: why is it impossible to â€Å"have workmen for her friends† (Mansfield 2425). Her mother claims that â€Å"Peop le like that don’t expect sacrifices from us† though Laura does not agree with such a statement (Mansfield 2430). Poor people are treated negatively by her mother for sure and little houses, where poor people live spoil architectural ensemble of their neighborhood and thus they do not have a right to survive, as her mother thinks (Mansfield 2429). A vivid symbolism of the story reflects a variety of attitudes concerning class and racial issues. It is not Laura who criticized lower class, but the author (Daly 34). That is her benefit and a great advantage. It means that this girl managed to preserve her individuality in a cruel world of upper class. Moreover, a writer intentionally moves readers from light to darkness thus showing a parallel nature of two worlds. Cottages of poor people are in a â€Å"deep shade† (Mansfield 2431). There are many barriers and poor people cannot cross them. Class distinction can be found when the author describes representatives of lower and upper classes by comparing them with animals. For example, a uniformed band looks like â€Å"frogs† (Mansfield 2430), a cook â€Å"clucked†¦like an agitated hen† (Mansfield 2428) and the widow deserves nothing more than a selfless comparison with a â€Å"poor creature† (Mansfield 2431). There is an interesting comparison even in relation to the difference of smoke coming from poor and rich houses. Thus, Laura’s chimney releases â€Å"great silvery plumes†

Family Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Family Issues - Essay Example Marriage is one of the most fundamental and indispensable social institutions present in human society. This main purpose of an institution of marriage is to satisfy the sex needs of the individuals in a socio-cultural and legal manner. When I think of getting married, my mind cares about my parents, because I want my wife to deal with my parents as I deal with them or better. My parents are very important to me for many reasons. For instance, my mother carried me for nine months in her womb. Secondly, my father cared about me and paid for everything I needed. As such, when I think of getting married, the first thing I will worry about is my parents. I will live in my parents’ house. Therefore, I will do my best to find the wife who is going to respect and deal with them in an ideal way. The sexual intercourse is one of the most important factors in family’s life. Undeniably, no family can live without it. In absence of sexual satisfaction, the couples will turn immoral. In some cases, it leads the wife or the husband to find another sexual partner. There are many positions some of which are pleasant, painful, and others tedious. I will also try other suitable positions as advised by a private medical doctor when my wife is pregnant. Some are however specific to pregnant women and during menstruation. Others are specific for diseases, and stress positions for heart patients and back pain. I believe having a new sexual experience and techniques will make the sexual intercourse more interesting, spiritual, and fun for both of us.

Literature review of corporate social responsibility theories

Literature review of corporate social responsibility theories Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate citizenship, responsible business, or sustainable responsible business is all but a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model where companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. Arguably, business and society are interwoven where society has certain expectations regarding business, thus, implying that firms have responsibilities towards society. Hence, being a steward of the needs of society is deemed to be a socially responsible, appropriate, and natural act. Corporate describes a business that aims to make a profit for its shareholders, hence this excludes, charities, foundations, NGOs and social enterprises. The first book acknowledging CSR is the Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (Howard R. Bowen) in the mid 1950s. But, the term CSR came in widespread use in the early 1970s. In fact, it owes its origin due to the globalisation which took place after many multinational corporations were formed, thus, bringing in force the corporate governance mechanisms to ascertain fairness and transparency as well as social responsibility in the corporate world. CSR is defined in various ways in different countries, of about being the capacity building for sustainable livelihoods from Ghana to about giving back to society from Philippines; and of being conventionally presented in a philanthropic model from the United States to being focused on operating the core business in a socially responsible way, complemented by investment in communities for solid business case reasons and voluntary interaction with the stakeholders from the European model. As such, according to Caroll (2003), The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary (philanthropic) expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time. Hence, ideally and broadly, the concept of CSR is a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms. 2.1.1 CSR and CSP In todays competitive market environment, businesses are confronted with a new set of non economics-related challenges. To survive and prosper, firms must bridge economic and social systems. Maximising shareholder wealth is a necessary but is no longer a sufficient condition for financial prosperity. Despite the concept of CSR addresses such issue, a specific connotation of CSR and a new performance measure called the corporate social performance (abbreviated as CSP) needs to be unified to capture the performance of a business in the social realm, and also to be more precise in thinking about CSR. CSP defined as a business organizations configuration of principles of social responsibility, processes of social responsiveness, and policies, programs, and observable outcomes as they relate to the firms societal relationships (Wood, 1991), clearly shows that social performance is not limited to corporations only, but also applies to any firm and organisation. This comprehensive definition assumes that CSP is broader than CSR, which consists of three norms at different levels of analysis: institutional, organisational, and individual. Additionally, it includes organisational processes of environmental assessment, stakeholder management, and issues management, and also various measures of its external manifestations and societal effects, such as social impacts. Hence the CSP model expresses and articulates three stages, from less to more engage towards stakeholders: social obligation, social responsibility and social responsiveness (S.P. Sethi, 1975). 2.1.2 Views on CSR According to Hancock (2005), CSR can be viewed through 3 ways namely: Views on CSR Hancock (2005) Sceptic View Milton Friedman (1970) Utopian View Evan and Freeman (1988) Realist view Patricia Werhane (2009) Few trends would so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as they possibly can. Notion of CSR is opposed to democracy and freedom where business focus is on wealth creation Went for Stakeholder Theory A corporation must recognise and respect the vital interests of each of its surrounding stakeholders. CSR reflects the idea that companies have a prior duty to anyone touched by their activity, their stakeholders rather than their shareholders, and especially the vulnerable that may be exploited by the companys operation. Gathers the greatest following of an alliance model CSR is also about the integrity with which a company governs itself, fulfils its mission, lives by its values, engages with its stakeholders, measures its impacts and reports on its activities. CSR is not simply about whatever funds and expertise companies choose to invest in communities to help resolve social problems 2.1.3 Key Drivers of CSR CSR is seen by Porter and Van Der Linde (2000, p. 131) as a competitive driver that requires appropriate resources. CSR programmes, however, on their own, have certain main drivers which are as follow: Bottom Line Effect This is the most relevant driver of CSR programmes as it incorporates a socially responsible element into corporate practice. As John Elkington (1997) rightly underlined that many companies exhibit corporate citizenship through charity or philanthropy. Nevertheless, a new perspective evolved over time for some corporate stakeholders. Success of a corporation is now weighted and defined by evaluating businesses using a Triple Bottom Line comprised of its social, environmental and financial performance. Managing Risk An endeavour to adopt CSR programme has been the gain in market share, key personnel and investment which pioneering companies enjoy when they seriously address labour and green issues. In fact, corporations implement such a programme to manage risks and ensure legal compliance as denoted by Levine Michael A. (2008). They try to avoid investigation, litigation, prosecution, regulation or legislation. Influence of the Corporate Disasters There has been an increased perception of greed amidst senior business officials in the corporate world following corporate scandals affecting Enron, WorldCom and the like. CSR is important in counteracting allegations of corporate greed. As a result, as described by Hancock (2005) in his book, corporations are now shifting away from the philanthropic approach towards CSR and are moving towards the greater alignment of CSR with business strategy and corporate governance. Lower Equity Risk Premium Reputation Management Corporations can face economic damage when their corporate reputations and brands are assailed or sales are affected by consumer boycotts. As argued by some rating agencies, a comprehensive CSR programme will lower a companys equity risk premium. A direct correlation between reputation and financial outcome measures share price and credit rating (Hancock, 2005) has been illustrated through a model designed by the global public relations company Bell Pottinger. In fact, companies may face a variety of legal and reputational risks if they do not have adequate social compliance or corporate social responsibility/sustainability programs in place. Customer Loyalty In todays markets, companies have to focus on building and maintaining customer loyalty. As proposed by Zhou Y. (2009), this can be done through a CSR programme which builds loyalty with customers by offering a competitive advantage in a marketplace where consumers find ethically delivered or produced goods and services. Stakeholder Activism Investment Incentives As perceived by Visser, W. (2008), CSR is encouraged through the activism of stakeholder or pressure groups which often address the alleged failure of the market and government policy. The trend of socially responsible investment gives CSR an incentive where funds are screened on ethical, social and environmental criteria. Thus, this proactively encourages businesses to inform shareholders of potential risks and issues and it helps them to better understand their stakeholders, including shareholders. According to Hill Knowltown (2006), surveys have indicated that analysts place as much importance on corporate reputation as they do on financial performance. 2.1.4 Theories for CSR There are several theories that emerged to explain the reasons behind environmental reporting over the time. These are: Operational Efficiency Theory Operational Efficiency occurs when the right combination of people, process, and technology to boost the productivity and value of any business operation, while reducing cost of routine operations to a desired level. In the context of CSR, operational efficiencies can be achieved through managing impending risks and liabilities more effectively and efficiently through CSR tools and perspectives by reducing costs; streaming information to stakeholders concerning the investment community for better transparency and by using corporate responsibility and sustainability approaches within business decision-making to result in new market opportunities, newly developed manufacturing processes that can be expanded to other plants, regions or markets as advocated by S. B. Banerjee (2007). Social Contract Theory The current practice of CSR by corporations was explained by O. O. Amao (2007) under the social contract theory. This theory dates from the classic period of history but took its modern form in the 16th and 18th centuries with best known philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau who talk on social contract. Rousseau, in fact, conceptualised the individual-society relationship as a symbiotic situation whereby the two parties mutually confer some right to the state in order to maintain social order which makes human life and cohabitation better and to gain benefits of community and safety. In parallel to the social contract, the corporate social theory, pertaining to a firms indirect social obligations, is advanced where businesses are bound by the social contract to perform various socially desired actions in return for approval of their objectives and other rewards. Legitimacy Theory Similar to the social contract theory, the legacy theory was adopted by corporations to ensure that operations are within the limits and norms of their respective societies and the outside parties perceive their activities as being legitimate. Society grants legitimacy and power to business. In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it. This principle developed by Davis (1973) is commonly known as the Iron Law of Responsibility. It expresses legitimacy as a societal-level concept and describes the responsibility of business as a social institution that must avoid abusing its power. Thus, this principle expresses a prohibition rather than an affirmative duty, and it applies equally to all companies, regardless of their particular circumstances. According to A.K.H. Khor (2004), the legitimacy theory is fundamentally a system-oriented theory where organisations are viewed as components of the larger social environment within which they exist. Stakeholder Theory A key feature of CSR involves the way that a company engages, involves, and collaborates with its stakeholders including shareholders, employees, debt-holders, suppliers, customers, communities, non-governmental organisations, and governments. M. C. Branco and L. L. Rodrigues (2007) argued that companies need to use stakeholder engagement to internalise societys needs, hopes, circumstances into their corporate views and decision-making. While there are many questions about how far a companys responsibilities extend into communities relative to the roles of governments and individual citizens, there is a strong argument that CSR can effectively improve a companys relations with communities and thereby produce some key features that will improve business prospects for its future. Agency Theory This theory comes to explain the relationship that exists between the owners/shareholders and the management. The latter is the agent appointed by the principal (owner/subsidiary). In such an agent-principal relationship, problems such as the potential moral hazard and conflict of interest are likely to occur. CSR comes as a middle way so that both parties can maximise their gains. As such, when CFP is strong, managers may reduce social expenditures in order to maximise their own short term private gains whereas when CFP weakens, managers will try to offset their disappointing results by engaging in conspicuous social programs, hence increasing their own wealth and that of shareholders as well, pursuant to the managerial opportunism hypothesis by Preston OBannon (1997). 2.2 2.2.1 Corporate Financial Performance (CFP) Most of the businesses operate with a view of yielding profits. The financial performance of a company is reflected through its policies and operations in monetary terms. These results are reflected through its return on investment, return on assets, value added, return on sale and growth in sales. Managers work in the best interest of shareholders to maximise profits. Financial performance is the most common, however, it cannot be considered as the only indicator used to measure a firms wealth. A broader definition of financial performance is accompanied by additional indicators such as short-term profits, long-term profits, market value, and other forms of competitive advantage, as noted by Jensen (2001). 2.2.2 Corporate Social Performance and CFP Many previous studies have indicated an unclear relationship between CSR and financial performance. Thus, literature has pointed out towards an innovation in bringing the concept of CSP to better explore its impact upon corporate financial performance (CFP). In todays world, for a firm to achieve a good and high level of CFP, it has to go beyond the limits of its own corporate strategies and adopt views of other stakeholders who may be directly or indirectly related to the company. Since over the three decades, the study of the correlation between CSP and CFP has gained much salience. Many studies conducted in this effect have yielded positive correlation, while others produced contradictory results with negative or non-significant different causal directions being found. In effect, there are several competing theoretical models which are proposed to explain three varying findings on the CSP-CFP link. Owing to these differing relationships, I.Y. Maroam (2006) proposes a unified theory of the CSP-CFP link that explain the different relationships that may be observed between CSR and CFP, thus basing itself on the parallels between the business and CSR domains. The concept of CSR instils in corporations the moral responsibility towards society that go beyond the goal of simply making profits for their owners and shareholders (Berman et al., 1999). As Freeman (1984) rightly pointed out that corporations should be socially responsible for both moral and practical (instrumental) reasons, by reflecting a socially responsible posture, a corporation can enhance its own performance. Thus, CSR activities can, inter-alia, be rewarded with more satisfied customers, better employee, improved reputation, and improved access to financial markets, all pertaining to improving financial performance and sustaining the business. However, social accomplishments may equally involve certain financial costs which can effectively reduce profits and comparative performance. Hence, Vance (1975) came up with the trade-off hypothesis to show negative linkage between CSP and CFP whereby corporations displaying strong social credentials experience declining stock price s relative to the market average. 2.2.3 CSP as a Business Strategy So far, it is clear that CSP can be used as a business strategy which can contribute to the competitive advantage of firms. A study by N. A. Dentchey (2004) on the effects of CSP on the competitiveness of organisations reveals that CSP should not be thought as an innocent adventure for executives. It is rather a strategy for achieving corporate strategies, which if not warily implemented, may harm the firms competitive advantage. Competitive advantage, as seen by Porter (1996), denotes the ability of a company to outperform others from successful differentiation from rivals actions. This strategic fit between the outside environment and companies internal resources and capabilities (Hoskissoon et al., 1999) results in superior financial results, as indicated by various measures of profitability. Hence, as per Burke and Logsdon (1996), a strategic implementation of social responsibility benefits all by resulting in strategic outcomes such as customer loyalty, future purchases, new products, new markets and productivity gains. Arguably, CSP can be a source of competitive disadvantage for firms which regard CSP as an additional cost. Business contributions to social prosperity (CSP) are seen by Keim (1978, p.33) as an investment in public good which is consumed or enjoyed by a number of individuals disregarding the cost sharing. Thus, investing in CSP is likely to bear negative effects for the firms which are in curring costs that might otherwise be avoided or that should be borne by others, for example, individuals or government (Aupperle et al., 1985). 2.2.4 CSP, CFP and the Stakeholder Theory Following the above arguments, a new perspective of CSP, based on the stakeholder analysis, emerges to argue furthermore that there exists a positive relationship between CSP and CFP. As such, S.A. Waddock and S.B. Graves (1997) propose that a tension exists between the firms explicit costs (for instance, payments to bondholders) and its implicit costs to other stakeholders (for example, product quality costs, and environmental costs). Hence, a firm which tries to outweigh its explicit costs by increasing its socially responsible actions incurs higher implicit costs, resulting in competitive advantage. Thus, high levels of CSP are seen as indicators of superior management by Alexander and Buchholz (1982) which lead to lower explicit costs and enhanced financial performance. The stakeholder theory accompanies the concept of CSR by shedding more light on the issue of social responsibility. This theory is spread over three aspects (Donaldson and Preston, 1995) namely, descriptive, instrumental and normative. While the descriptive aspect describes and explains the theory, the instrumental aspect discloses the cause-effect relationships between stakeholder management practices and improving corporate performance. The normative aspect, on the other hand, as perceived by I.Y. Maroam (2006) emphasizes on the moral imperatives for practising stakeholder management, rather than the business benefits it may provide. A parallelism between the core business domain and the CSR domain will maximise a firms profitability. The stakeholder theory provides a framework for investigating the relationship between CSP and CFP by examining how a change in CSP is related to a change in financial accounting measures. In fact, the two concepts of CSR and stakeholder share the proposition that social responsibility affects financial performance in some way or other. This subject area has been so vastly explored that this trend is now seen as a natural progression which goes associatively with developments in the industrial and business world. There is an increasing concern and emphasize on humanity, environmental preservation and enlightened social consciousness. Thus, a new area of research began to pave its way within the field of business and society where the relationship between corporate social conduct, both toward the corporations stakeholders and the wider society, and the corporations financial performance was and is still being investigated across several countries. Over environmental issues, research h as revealed that businesses which are eco-friendly and demonstrate good CSR practices enjoy increased consumer purchase preference (Gildea, 1994; Zaman, 1996) and good economic performance (Al-Tuwaijiri, et al., 2004). A stakeholder group, as identified and defined by Freeman (1984), is one that that can affect or is affected by achievement of the organisations objectives, that is, which can be harmed as well as can help it to achieve its goals. Therefore, there is a growing need for firms to address the needs and expectations of the stakeholders to avoid negative outcomes and produce positive outcomes for themselves (Donaldson and Preston, 1995; Freeman, 1984; Frooman, 1997). Pursuant to the stakeholder theory perspective, CSP can be assessed in terms of a company meeting the demands of multiple stakeholders, ranging from cost minimisation to societal maximisation. Building on the previous mentioned definition of CSP, Wood and Jones (1995) propose that stakeholder theory is the key to understanding the structure and dimensions of the firms societal relationships thereby assuming that firms are responsible for honouring all the implicit and explicit contracts they hold with their various constituen ts. Therefore, the stakeholder theory provides a system-based perspective of the organisation and its stakeholders where it acknowledges the dynamic and complex nature of the interplay between them. The various stakeholders of the firms, such as the employees, shareholders, financers, environmentalists, government, communities, customers and even competitors should be convinced by the management that it is working harder to satisfy them. The more important the stakeholders to the firm, the more effort the firm needs to put to uphold its relationship with the former. According to Clarkson, Donaldson and Preston et al. (1995), the stakeholder theory must place shareholders as one of the multiple stakeholder groups which managers should consider in their decision-making process. However, like the shareholders, the other stakeholders may have a say upon the firm, bestowing societal legitimacy. Notably, Bernadette M. Ruf et al. (2001) asserted that firms must address these non-shareholder gro ups demands otherwise they might face negative confrontations which can ultimately result in diminished shareholder value, through boycotts, lawsuits, protests and so on. Hence, firms have a fiduciary duty relationship not only to the shareholders, but to all stakeholders (Hasnas, 1998, p.32). So far, recognising a companys contractual relationship with the various stakeholders has been instrumental in better comprehending the relationship that CSP and CFP share. Stakeholders have expectations from the organisation. Nevertheless, these expectations may conflict with the firms limited resources leading the firm to evaluate its costs and benefits tradeoffs. Firms must thus come with measures representative of the various factors of CSP and stakeholders interests. Unlike neo-classical stockholders who were only interested in financial performance (Grouf, 1994; Shapiro, 1992), the major stakeholders of today, that is, the stockholders are more interested in the firms current and future financial benefits and social performance. 2.3 Empirical Review This section reviews the works done and methods used by researchers on the relationship of CFP and CSP. Empirical results on the latters correlation are mixed whereby some yielded in positive, some in negative and some in non-significant relationships. Basing on the stakeholder theory approach, several models on the CFP-CSP relationship have been proposed, where the largest number of investigations found a positive CSP-CFP linkage. Notably, different methods to compute indexes for CFP and CSP have been used since data on both cannot be possibly obtained in absolute figures. As such, using aggregated weights assigned to K dimensions of social performance obtained through questionnaire for CSP and using change in return on equity (ROE), change in return on sales (ROS) and growth in sales as financial measures on a sample of 496 firms, Bernadette M. Ruf et al. (2001) came up with a positive relationship between CSP and CFP. They, in fact, regressed change in CSP on change in CFP. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between change in CSP and change in ROE and change in ROS in the long term but that with growth in sales was significantly positive only in year 0 and 1. The study suggests that improvements in CSP have both immediate and continuing financial impacts. The authors have furthermore suggested that since many financial performance measures follow a random walk or mean reversion  [1]  , it is important to use lead/lag studies to establish a causal sequence of CSP and CFP. Concerning time period, one year may be short in strat egic terms and could well be distorted by rogue figures, hence, it suggested to take two or five years data in analyses. A paper by S. A. Waddock and S. B. Graves (1997) also found positive linkage between CFP and CSP. An index for CSP was computed using eight attributes relating to shareholder concerns and were rated consistently across the entire Standards Poors 500 by a rating service. The firms profitability was measured using three accounting variables, namely, return on assets (ROA), ROE and ROS used to assess CFP by the investment community. Factors such as size, risk and industry which affect both CFP and CSP were taken as control variables. Used on a sample of 469 companies and using CSP as both dependent and independent variable, the results revealed that CFP does depend on CSP and vice-versa and also indicated the importance of controlling for industry in assessing such a relationship. Size has been suggested in previous studies, like that of Ullman (1985) and McWilliams, A., and D. Siegel (2000), to be a factor which affects both CFP and CSP. Size remains a relevant variable because there had been evidence that smaller firms may not demonstrate the same obvious socially responsible behaviours as larger firms. Authors like Pinkston and Carroll (1993), for instance, investigated the extent social responsibility orientations, organisational stakeholders, and social issues can differ among firms of differing sizes. P. A. Stanwick and S. D. Stanwick (1998), on the other hand, found a significant positive association between size (annual sales) and CFP at the 10% level for three of the six years of their study. Firm size is particularly the scale of operations in an organisation (Price and Mueller (1986, p. 233)). Previous literature has indicated a need to control not only for industry, and size (Ullman, 1985; Waddock and Graves, 1997), but also for risk (McWilliams and Siegel, 2000) to render research results more complete. The argument to use risk as a control variable is supported by the fact that the degree of risk is seen as the other important component of firm performance assumed by a firm in order to achieve a given level of financial performance as stated by Bettis and Hall (1982). Baird and Thomas (1985) also advocated risk as being both as a strategic variable (firms choose a given level of risk) and as an outcome variable (strategic choices lead to a level of risk) which ultimately leads to improved financial performance. As such, M. Brine, R. Brown and G. Hackett (2004) used risk alongside size as control variables to assess financial performance of 277 companies. Their preliminary results stated that the adoption of CSR does lead to increases in turnover and also an increase in equity, which in turn improve the CFP level. According to Mahoney L. and Roberts R.W. (2007), there is no significant relationship between a composite measure of firms CSP and CFP. Using four years panel data of Canadian firms, they calculated a composite measure of CSP score by summing all dimension strength ratings, such as, community relations, diversity, employee relations, environment, international, product safety, and amongst others and subtracting all dimension weaknesses ratings. Following Waddock and Graves (1997a), ROA and ROE were used separately to measure a firms CFP. As CFP was expected to be positively related to CSP, a one-year lag between CFP and all independent variables (CSP, firm size, debt level, and industry) was used. Inconsistent with their expectation, they found no significant relationship between the composite CSP measure and either ROA or ROE. However, the use of individual measures of firms CSP regarding environmental and international activities and CFP resulted in a significant relationship provi ding mixed support for the business case for CSP. A study, using the Granger causality approach, by Rim Makni et al. (2008) reaffirms Mahoney and Roberts (2007) works on the non-significant relationship. However, there may also be a simultaneous and interactive negative relation between CSP and CFP, forming a vicious circle.

Managing Marketing Function

Managing the Marketing Function Project Management Course work MKT2280, 2011-2012 Lecturer: Masoumeh Mahdieh (m. [email  protected] ac. uk) Coursework description: Read the following questions and make sure you answer all parts listed for each question. You must email your coursework as one document in MS Word format to m. [email  protected] ac. uk by the deadline of 12 noon on Friday the 20 January 2012. You must also submit an identical hardcopy of your coursework to the Student Office at William building by the same deadline. Late submissions or submission through other methods will not be accepted. This coursework is worth 25% of your overall mark. Make sure that you clearly show your name and student number of all the group’s members and module code on the Cover sheet of your Report (use cover sheet template in appendix 3). Keep the submission receipt and a copy of your assignment in a safe place. Questions: 1. You are conducting a market research project for FUN Inc. Given the project information that follows, draw AON project network and complete the forward and backward pass. Compute ES, EF, LS, LF and slack time for each activity. Identify the project completion time and critical path. Also use the information to create a Gantt chart for the project. Be sure to show slack for noncritical activities. ID| Description| Duration | Predecessor | A| Contract signed| 3| None| B| Survey designed | 2| A| C| Target market identified | 4| B| D| Data collection| 7| B, C| E| Develop presentation| 3| B| F| Analyze result| 2| D| G| Demographics| 5| C| H| Presentation | 2| E, F, G| Note: To draw project network, Gantt chart and timing use the project templates from Appendix 1. 2. You are in charge of organizing a dinner-dance concert for a local charity. You have reserved a hall that will seat 30 couples and have hired a jazz combo. A. Develop a scope statement for this project that contains examples of all the elements. Assume that the event will occur in 4 weeks and provide your best guess estimate of the dates for milestones. B. What would the priorities likely be for this project? (Draw project priority matrix) Note: Use appendix 2 for project priority matrix and scope statement. 3. Nicolette Larson was loading the dishwasher with her husband, Kevin, and telling him about the first meeting of the Manchester United Tournament Organizing Committee. Nicolette, a self confessed â€Å"soccer mom,† had been elected tournament director and was responsible for organizing the clubs first summer tournament. Manchester United Soccer Club (MUSC) located in Manchester, New Hampshire was formed in 1992 as a way of bringing recreational players to a higher level of competition and preparing them for the State Olympic Development Program and/or high school teams. The club currently has 24 boys and aids (ranging in age from under 9 to 16) on teams affiliated with the Hampshire Soccer Association and the Granite State Girls Soccer League. The club’s board of directors decided in the fall to sponsor a summer invitational soccer tournament to generate revenue. Given the boom in youth soccer, hosting summer tournaments has become a popular method for raising funds. MUSC teams regularly compete in three to four tournaments each summer at different locales in New England. These tournaments have been reported to generate between $50,000 and S70,000 for the host club. MUSC needs additional revenue to refurbish and expand the number of soccer fields at the Rock Rimmon soccer complex. Funds would also be used to augment the club's scholarship program, which provides financial aid to players who cannot afford the $450 annual club dues. Nicolette gave her husband a blow-by-blow account of what transpired during the first tournament committee meeting that night. She started the meeting by having everyone introduce themselves and by proclaiming how excited she was that the club was going to sponsor its own tournament. She then suggested that the committee brainstorm what needed to be done to pull off the event; she would record their ideas on a flipchart. What emerged was a free-for-all of ideas and suggestions. One member immediately stressed the importance of having qualified referees and spent several minutes describing in detail how his son's team was robbed in a poorly officiated championship game. This was followed by other stories of injustice on the soccer field. Another member suggested that they needed to quickly contact the local colleges to see if they could use their Fields. The committee spent more than 30 minutes talking about how they should screen teams and how much they should charge as an entry fee. An argument broke out over whether they should reward the winning teams in each age bracket with medals or trophies. Many members felt that medals were too cheap, while others thought the trophies would be too expensive. Someone suggested that they seek local corporate sponsors to help fund the tournament. The proposed sale or tournament T-shirts and sweatshirts was followed by a general critique of the different shirts parents had acquired at different tournaments. One member advocated that they recruit an artist he knew to develop a unique silk-screen design for the tournament. The meeting adjourned 30 minutes late with only half of the members remaining until the end. Nicolette drove home with seven sheets of ideas and a headache. As Kevin poured a glass of water for the two aspirin Nicolette was about to take, he tried to comfort her by saying that organizing this tournament would be a big project not unlike the projects he works on at his engineering and design firm. He offered to sit down with her the next night and help her plan the project. He suggested that the first thing they needed to do was to develop a WBS for the project. A. Make a list of the major deliverables for the project and use them to develop a draft of the work breakdown structure for the tournament that contains at least three levels of detail. What are the major deliverables associated with hosting an event such as a soccer tournament? B. How would developing a WBS alleviate some of the problems that occurred during the first meeting and help Nicolette organize and plan the project? C. Where can Nicolette find additional information to help her develop a WBS for the tournament? Appendix 1: Project network template: ES LS LF EF A 3 Project Gantt chart: A| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | E| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | F| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | G| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | H| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | time| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| 18| 19| 20| 21| 22| Project timing: Activity ID| Earliest start| Earliest finish| Latest start| Latest finish| Slack time| A| 0| 3| | | | B| | | | | | C| | | | | | D| | | | | | E| | | | | | F| | | | | | G| | | | | | H| | | | | | Appendix 2: Priority matrix: To fill the table, type X or shade the appropriate box with any colour | Time | Performance | Cost | Constrain| | | | Enhance | | | | Accept| | | | Scope statement: Project Objective: | Deliverables:| Milestones:| Technical requirement:| Limits and Exclusions:| Customer review:| Appendix 3: Cover sheet template Managing the Marketing Function Project Management Course work MKT2280, 2011-2012 Lecturer: Masoumeh Mahdieh (m. [email  protected] ac. uk) Date: Group’s details: Name| Student number| Signature | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Pizza! the Best Party Food Essay

Ding! Dong! â€Å"The pizza’s here everybody†. What do you mostly always eat when there is a party? What do you expect to eat at a party? That’s right! It’s pizza. A party without pizza is like a store without anything to sell. Some reasons that it is the best party food is that everybody eats it and is easy to get. Another reason is that everyone loves it. So why not get pizza the next time you decide to throw a party. First of all, lactose intolerant people aside, who doesn’t love when the pizza guy arrives at the door with, boxes of that deliciousness. Also it is the easiest thing to get for a party is pizza. Its so hard to cook for anywhere from 50-100 people. That would take hours of work and make the house smell bad. Why not just spend 60 dollars and get about seven whole boxes of Pizza Hut, Domino’s, DiGiorno’s, or anything else. Its saves so much time and the trouble of cooking. Also who knows if they will honestly even like the food you cook. When getting pizza you know everybody will eat it because the hosts of parties know people love pizza. Do you want to be remembered as a good host or party thrower? Then go buy pizza. You will probably spend that much on whatever you are cooking any way. So take the easy way out, and also the smart way. Next, everyone enjoys pizza, name one person that just doesn’t enjoy pizza. The perfect blend of cheese, tomato, and bread gets everyone’s mouths watering. Everyone just can’t resist from taking a slice. On the other hand it also tastes very good with drinks such as sodas. You can have all the wings and breadsticks you want but no matter what it won’t be a party without pizza. If I ever met someone who doesn’t like pizza I would interrogate him with questions. Did you ever even try it? Are you crazy? What’s wrong with you? What planet have you come from? Good thing I have never met anyone like that. Pizza is also rated the peoples’ most favorite food worldwide. So at a party you know it’s pretty demanding. If people don’t get pizza then it will make the guests unhappy and unsatisfied in their stomach. Overall there is no way around it. Pizza is the king of the party. It is the stomach filler. It is the most essential ingredient to making a successful party.

Free Essays on The Weaknesses Of Todays Ads

The Weaknesses of Today’s Ads Advertisements today seem to pull people in all sorts of directions. Some are more reserved in their presentation, while others seem to force a product or an issue upon its audience. I realize they’re all trying to do the same thing, which is to sell something. But along with these products they also seem to want it to tie into something else; that with this product, you’ll be popular. Basically, the weaknesses in today’s ads are not in their style, but in their substance and the way it is presented. My first example deals with a brand of shoes, in particular, Skechers. To pull in potential buyers, the ad shows buyers a group of typical teenagers. Mind you, these are kids with perfect complexion and the perfect fashion sense. All of the models are easy on the eyes and nothing they’re wearing is offensive or flashy. There is also the sense that these are pretty respectable kids and that they are all popular. Tying all this in with the fact that they are wearing Skechers implies that wearing them makes you popular. The problem with this is that it’s not true and it provides a false image for kids to emulate. And I think this is what causes kids to feel insecure about what they wear, and eventually, who they are. The second advertisement deals with Everest mint gum. It shows a very cold, bright landscape with large mountains in the background and a dark patch of ice in the foreground. In the foreground is a scoreboard with the names â€Å"shirts† and â€Å"skins† on it, and is then followed by the phrase â€Å"Some like it cold†. While the ad is trying to be somewhat humorous or witty, it also tries to imply that Everest mint gum is essentially as cold as Mount Everest. Though it tries to convince its audience that it is the most refreshing gum out there, it makes it very hard to believe in that being the case. The worst part is that the company is almost guaranteeing its prod... Free Essays on The Weaknesses Of Today's Ads Free Essays on The Weaknesses Of Today's Ads The Weaknesses of Today’s Ads Advertisements today seem to pull people in all sorts of directions. Some are more reserved in their presentation, while others seem to force a product or an issue upon its audience. I realize they’re all trying to do the same thing, which is to sell something. But along with these products they also seem to want it to tie into something else; that with this product, you’ll be popular. Basically, the weaknesses in today’s ads are not in their style, but in their substance and the way it is presented. My first example deals with a brand of shoes, in particular, Skechers. To pull in potential buyers, the ad shows buyers a group of typical teenagers. Mind you, these are kids with perfect complexion and the perfect fashion sense. All of the models are easy on the eyes and nothing they’re wearing is offensive or flashy. There is also the sense that these are pretty respectable kids and that they are all popular. Tying all this in with the fact that they are wearing Skechers implies that wearing them makes you popular. The problem with this is that it’s not true and it provides a false image for kids to emulate. And I think this is what causes kids to feel insecure about what they wear, and eventually, who they are. The second advertisement deals with Everest mint gum. It shows a very cold, bright landscape with large mountains in the background and a dark patch of ice in the foreground. In the foreground is a scoreboard with the names â€Å"shirts† and â€Å"skins† on it, and is then followed by the phrase â€Å"Some like it cold†. While the ad is trying to be somewhat humorous or witty, it also tries to imply that Everest mint gum is essentially as cold as Mount Everest. Though it tries to convince its audience that it is the most refreshing gum out there, it makes it very hard to believe in that being the case. The worst part is that the company is almost guaranteeing its prod...

What to Do When You Feel Overwhelmed in College

What to Do When You Feel Overwhelmed in College Not everyone graduates from college; doing so is a huge deal because its an incredibly difficult journey. Its expensive. It takes a long time, it requires a heck of a lot of dedication, and there often never seems to be any rest from what other people expect of you. In fact, its sometimes easier to feel smothered by your responsibilities than it is to feel in control. So just what can you do when you feel overwhelmed in college? Fortunately, being in college means that you have both the desire and ability to figure out how to make things work even if you arent feeling like you can. Take a deep breath, start simply, and then show em what youre made of. What to Do When You Feel Overwhelmed in College First, be bold and block off 30 minutes from your schedule. It can be right now; it can be in a few hours. The longer you wait, of course, the longer youll feel stressed out and overwhelmed. The sooner you can make a 30-minute appointment with yourself, the better. Once youve reserved yourself for 30 minutes, set a timer (try using the alarm on your phone) and use your time as follows: 5 Minutes: Grab a pen or use your computer, tablet, or smartphone and make lists of what you have to do. And while this may sound easy, theres one catch: instead of making a long, running list, divide it up by sections. What do you need to do for your Chem 420 class? What do you need to do as a club vice chair? What do you need to do for your financial paperwork? Create, in essence, a bunch of mini-lists and organize them by topic.5 Minutes: Mentally walk through your schedule for the rest of the week (or, at the very least, the next 5 days). Where do you absolutely have to be (like class) and where do you want to be (like a club meeting)? Use whatever time management system you have to mark down what you have to do and what you want to do.10 Minutes: Break down your calendar using your micro lists. What must be done today? What must be done tomorrow? What can wait until tomorrow? What can wait until next week? Be brutal with yourself, too; there are only so many hours in a day and o nly so much you can reasonably expect yourself to do. What can wait? What cannot? Assign to-do items from your lists to various days in a way that sets reasonable expectations about how much you can get done in a certain amount of time. 5 Minutes: Spend a few minutes to specifically break down how you are going to spend the rest of your day (or night) today. Allocate as much time as possible in your schedule, making sure to account for things like breaks and meals. In essence: How will you spend the next 5-10 hours?5 Minutes: Spend your final 5 minutes getting yourself and your space ready to work. Do you need to go for a brisk walk? Clean up a workspace in your room? Head to the library? Get some water and coffee? In essence: get yourself moving and prepare your environment so that you can hit the ground running. Once your 30 minutes are up, youll have made to-do lists, organized your schedule, planned out the rest of your day (or night), and prepared yourself to start. This, ideally, will allow you to focus on the tasks at hand over the next few days; instead of always worrying about studying for an upcoming exam, you can tell yourself, Im studying for my exam on Thursday night. Right now I must finish this paper by midnight. Consequently, instead of feeling overwhelmed, you can feel in charge and know that your plan of attack will allow you to finally get things done. You got this!

Managing Learning and Development in Organisation Essay

Managing Learning and Development in Organisation - Essay Example All these aspects are inter-related and they should be integrated in every learning process of an organization. Moreover, human resource managers have recognised the importance of aligning learning processes with organisational priorities. This paper will highlight the important aspects of individual and organisational development and how they relate to business success. In details, it will look into how training is effective and its evaluation as well as the importance or its contribution. The second part of the paper explains the importance of training of those prospecting to be teachers to the school, children or students and to themselves. It further explains the principles of effective training importance of teacher evaluation as well as its challenges. Discussion Measuring Training Effectiveness in Organisation Training is a continuous process that involves the transfer of information and knowledge to employers and employees of an organisation in order to meet the needs and goa ls of the business. It can also mean equipping the people to interpret the information and knowledge into practice with a goal to enhance organisation effectiveness and productivity as well as improve the management of the people (Sriyan de Silva, 1997). Normally, training integrates educational policies and systems which are deemed as important to human resources development. Training effectiveness means that training should provide significant added value to an organisational operations by improving quality, safety and production. While it is clear that training provides additional value to products and services, a calculated training effectiveness is tricky because employee performance depends not only on training, but also on other factors for example, job aids supervision, procedures, pre-job briefings, management expectations, and the experience and motivation of the work force. A good number of organisations are nowadays setting up their own training facilities, and outsourci ng talent to carry out in-house training for employees at all levels. This trend has been largely used because new orientation in managerial and technical areas is crucial for effective response to the changing business environment. Training is an expensive task especially if it does not meet the given purpose. Training should be in a position to improve the individual capabilities as well as those of the collective organisation. The training programme should contribute to the building of organisational capabilities and reflect improved performance over a period of time. Otherwise, the organisational loss for example, loss of competitive edge and reduction of market share, is far much greater than the money and time spent on training. Therefore, training should serve stipulated purposes taking into consideration a systematic analysis of its capabilities and the demands brought about by future scenarios. A critical area for achieving expected results from training is the measurement of training effectiveness which is the match between the training inputs and its intended purpose. Most organizations neglect this aspect citing difficulty of measurement even though techniques in social sciences have been developed to sufficiently measure the most important aspects of training. There are kinds of training outputs that an organization need to measure. First is the

Extra paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Extra paper - Essay Example In the order to achieve the overall objective, an organization needs to consider the needs and demand based on the preference level of an individual. In the context of an organization, motivational factors play very crucial role for not only encouraging the employee towards the respective job role, but also for the end customer by satisfying their ultimate demands. Additionally, prior consideration of motivation will assist an organization in improving overall performance. Moreover, emphasizing motivational factors of different stakeholders, an organization can strengthen its position through higher level of growth in revenue (Jerome, 2013). In this regard, the essay intends to address the role of advertisement in motivating the probable customer and improving organizational performance. Moreover, the essay attempts to define the theory advocated by Maslow i.e. need hierarchy theory with the specific advertising artifact of Harley Davidson. In the contemporary era of the bossiness environment, persuasion of the people is highly important as well as critical factor for businesses to conduct operations by satisfying their needs and business sustainability. Additionally, based on the Maslow need higher hierarchy theory, individuals are identified to be attracted towards products and/or services offered by companies that are able to meet their satisfaction level needs. Thus, the power of persuasion plays an important role for a company to influence the beliefs, intentions, motivations, attitudes as well as behaviors of customers. In this regard, business organization has significantly noticed that advertisement should be an effective mean of changing the persuasion level of the people in a determined way. For instance, an individual having a need of a particular mode of transportation to be in time at office,

The French Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

The French Revolution - Essay Example The primary roots of the French Revolution were the political and economic interests of various influential leaders, and the widespread social injustice in France and the colonies due to the monarchy’s and nobility’s abuse of the masses which led to economic hardships and the absence of civil rights and liberties for all. Scholars and other individuals underscored the political motivation behind the French Revolution. Thomas Ott underscored the political aspects of the revolution in St. Domingue. He noted that during the early eighteenth century, â€Å"tensions gathered in St. Domingue between bureaucrat and grand blanc, grand blanc and petit blanc, white and mulatto, mulatto and black, black and white† (188). He is saying that racial divisions promoted divided political interests where political leadership had become more and more important for each racial group. John P. McKay and other scholars agreed that political motivation affected the revolution in St. Domingue. Slaves wanted to be free, mulattoes wanted to be elevated to white status, while the white elite saw the French Revolution as a way of increasing control over their local affairs (596). At the same time, some of the members of the National Assembly were considered as wanting power for their own and riding on the movement as a wa y of gaining political power, which Toussaint LOuverture noted when he addressed the French Directory in 1797. He said that he wanted to enlighten the Directory â€Å"to prevent the enemies of the present system from spreading themselves on our unfortunate shores to sully it with new crimes† (534). He is saying that he wants to prevent the government from being invaded by people who want to apply slavery once more. It can be argued that he wanted to protect the interests of the people from those who wish to use the Revolution to advance their political and economic interests because St. Domingue is the